{"id":5340,"date":"2023-09-01T14:48:44","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T12:48:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thegardenofpeace.org\/the-mediterranean-climate-reality\/"},"modified":"2023-09-01T17:45:30","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T15:45:30","slug":"the-mediterranean-climate-reality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thegardenofpeace.org\/fr\/the-mediterranean-climate-reality\/","title":{"rendered":"La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 climatique"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column]<\/i><\/span>[vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 climatique de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et ses effets sur l\u2019ol\u00e9iculture<\/strong><\/p>\n

by Robert Sav\u00e9 M.<\/em><\/p>\n

Les phytosociologues au d\u00e9but du XXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, les scientifiques Mooney, Fuentes et Montenegro (des universit\u00e9s de Californie et de la Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile) dans les ann\u00e9es 70 du si\u00e8cle dernier, ainsi qu\u2019un travail men\u00e9 par le CREAF\/IRTA au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 90, ont clairement \u00e9tabli et mis en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019existence d\u2019un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en avec ses propres caract\u00e9ristiques, et donc avec des formes de vie et des relations sp\u00e9cifiques et diff\u00e9rentes par rapport \u00e0 d\u2019autres habitats et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes.<\/p>\n

Ces caract\u00e9ristiques comprennent des temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es, parfois intenses et prolong\u00e9es, ainsi qu\u2019une s\u00e9cheresse estivale, ainsi que des p\u00e9riodes de froid avec des pluies et des hivers exceptionnellement rigoureux.<\/p>\n

Ces deux ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes conditionnent la productivit\u00e9 des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes \u00e0 faible intensit\u00e9 et leur mortalit\u00e9 \u00e0 forte intensit\u00e9, influen\u00e7ant ainsi la distribution dans l\u2019espace et dans le temps des individus et des communaut\u00e9s (esp\u00e8ces animales et v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, for\u00eats, cultures, rivi\u00e8res et torrents, caract\u00e9ristiques des eaux c\u00f4ti\u00e8res…).<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, sans eau et avec des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eames, qu\u2019elles soient \u00e9lev\u00e9es ou basses, d\u2019importants probl\u00e8mes de faisabilit\u00e9 se posent en termes de productivit\u00e9, mais \u00e9galement sur le plan \u00e9conomique et m\u00eame biologique. Le changement climatique n\u2019a fait qu\u2019accentuer ces caract\u00e9ristiques distinctives, cr\u00e9ant presque une caricature de notre climat et ajoutant beaucoup plus d\u2019incertitude spatiale et temporelle que celle qui existait d\u00e9j\u00e0.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2″][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb5325″ img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb qode_css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][\/vc_column][vc_column width=\u00a0\u00bb1\/2″][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]Ainsi, en observant les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, on constate que la s\u00e9cheresse devient de plus en plus \u00e9tendue, forte et r\u00e9p\u00e9titive dans une grande partie du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en, de m\u00eame que les vagues de chaleur de plus en plus fr\u00e9quentes influencent la maturation du fruit et ses qualit\u00e9s organoleptiques. De m\u00eame, les importantes p\u00e9riodes de froid, sans tendance temporelle claire, entre la fin de l\u2019hiver et le printemps, influencent la floraison et les premi\u00e8res \u00e9tapes du fruit. En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques et climatiques actuelles ont un impact n\u00e9gatif sur la production agricole en termes quantitatifs et qualitatifs.<\/p>\n

Ces ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes doivent nous aider \u00e0 voir et \u00e0 comprendre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 du secteur agricole, o\u00f9 une seule solution – l\u2019irrigation – n\u2019est pas suffisante pour produire. Il est donc important de repenser l\u2019agronomie et le territoire, en les adaptant \u00e0 ce qui fonctionne le mieux \u00e0 court, moyen et long terme.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_column_text]Cela est particuli\u00e8rement important, non seulement d\u2019un point de vue socio-\u00e9conomique ou culturel, mais \u00e9galement en termes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et de souverainet\u00e9 alimentaire. Qu\u2019on le veuille ou non, ce probl\u00e8me devra \u00eatre abord\u00e9, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 les informations objectivement claires selon lesquelles la disponibilit\u00e9 alimentaire en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e pourrait diminuer de 17\u00a0% \u00e0 partir du milieu du si\u00e8cle en cours en raison du changement climatique (1,2,3).<\/p>\n

Selon le minist\u00e8re espagnol de l\u2019Agriculture, les oliveraies espagnoles couvrent environ 2,6 millions d\u2019hectares, comprenant \u00e0 la fois des cultures et des arbres isol\u00e9s, avec des fonctions r\u00e9siduelles et\/ou ornementales. Cette surface, conduite principalement en r\u00e9gime pluvial, tend \u00e0 se transformer en surface irrigu\u00e9, mais cette solution est limit\u00e9e par la disponibilit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle en eau et par l\u2019impact en carbone li\u00e9 \u00e0 son extraction, son transport et sa pressurisation. L\u2019Espagne est le principal producteur mondial d\u2019huile d\u2019olive et \u00e9galement le premier en termes de surface ol\u00e9icole.<\/p>\n

Cette importance agricole, socio-\u00e9conomique, culturelle et sur le plan du paysage signifie que les oliveraies doivent s\u2019adapter au changement climatique gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des m\u00e9thodes et des syst\u00e8mes agronomiques leur permettant de r\u00e9sister (4,5). Leur extension dans le temps et l\u2019espace fait de ces \u00ab\u00a0for\u00eats d\u2019oliviers\u00a0\u00bb d\u2019extraordinaires outils pour att\u00e9nuer les changements climatiques, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la fixation importante du carbone dans les sols et les structures ligneuses qu\u2019elles d\u00e9veloppent (6,7).<\/p>\n

Indubitablement, l\u2019oliveraie est un symbole d\u2019histoire, avec des perspectives d\u2019avenir gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 sa r\u00e9silience et \u00e0 sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer le changement climatique.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u00a0\u00bb5329″ img_size=\u00a0\u00bbfull\u00a0\u00bb qode_css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]Robert Sav\u00e9 M.<\/strong>, chercheur \u00e9m\u00e9rite \u00e0 l\u2019IRTA, professeur d\u2019\u00e9cologie \u00e0 l\u2019UAB<\/em>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text]LINK AND BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/p>\n

1.- https:\/\/www.medecc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MedECC_MAR1_SPM_SPA.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

2.- https:\/\/www.medecc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MedECC_MAR1_3.1_Water.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

3.- https:\/\/www.medecc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/MedECC_MAR1_3.2_Food.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

4.- Funes I., Sav\u00e9 R., de Herralde F., Biel C., Pla E., Pascual D., Zabalza J., Cantos G., Borr\u00e0s G., Vayreda J. & Aranda X. 2021. Modeling impacts of climate change on the water needs and growing cycle of crops in three Mediterranean basins, Agricultural Water Management 249:1-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.106797<\/a><\/p>\n

5.- Funes, I., Sav\u00e9, R., Rovira P., Molowny-Horas, R., Alca\u00f1iz, JM., Ascaso, E., Herms, JI., Herrero C., Boixadera, J. and Vayreda, J. 2019. Agricultural soil organic carbon stocks in the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula: drivers and spatial variability. STOTEN-D-18-12688R1.<\/p>\n

6.- Funes, I., Molowny-Horas, R, Sav\u00e9, R., De Herralde, F., Aranda, X. and Vayreda. J. 2022. Carbon stocks and change in Mediterranean woody crop biomass over the 2010s in NE Spain. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 42 (98): 97-112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13593-022-00827-y[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css_animation=\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb row_type=\u00a0\u00bbrow\u00a0\u00bb use_row_as_full_screen_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb type=\u00a0\u00bbfull_width\u00a0\u00bb angled_section=\u00a0\u00bbno\u00a0\u00bb text_align=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb background_image_as_pattern=\u00a0\u00bbwithout_pattern\u00a0\u00bb][vc_column][vc_empty_space]<\/i><\/span>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 climatique de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. 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